Nota kaki Al-Andalus

  1. ↑ José Ángel García de Cortázar (1995). "V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994". Gobierno de La Rioja: Instituto de Estudios Riojanos: 52. Para los autores árabes medievales, el término Al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas — siquiera temporalmente — por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, España y Francia ("Untuk para penulis Arab, al-Andalus meragkumi kesemua kawasan yang ditakluki oleh tentera Arab-Muslim — termasuk yang sementara — yang kini dimiliki Portugal, Sepanyol dan Perancis.") 
  2. ↑ Eloy Benito Ruano (2000). Tópicos y realidades de la Edad Media. Real Academia de la Historia. m/s. 79. Los arabes y musulmanes de la Edad Media aplicaron el nombre de Al-andalus a todas aquellas tierras que habian formado parte del reino visigodo : la Peninsula Ibérica y la Septimania ultrapirenaica." ("Orang Arab dan Muslim zaman Pertengahan menggunakan nama al-Andalus untuk merujuk kepada kesemua tanah yang dahulunya sebahagian daripada kerajaan Visigoth: Semenanjung Iberia dan Septimania. .
  3. ↑ John L. Esposito, Ed. (2003). Andalus, al-. Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press – melalui Oxford Reference Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  4. ↑ Joseph F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain, Cornell University Press, 1983, p.142
  5. ↑ Roger Collins, "The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797", pp. 113-140 & 168-182.
  6. ↑ Tertius Chandler. Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census (1987), St. David's University Press (etext.org). ISBN 0-88946-207-0.
  7. ↑ Glick 1999, Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations.
  8. ↑ "The rate of conversion is slow until the tenth century (less than one-quarter of the eventual total number of converts had been converted); the explosive period coincides closely with the reign of 'Abd al-Rahmdn III (912-961); the process is completed (eighty percent converted) by around 1100. The curve, moreover, makes possible a reasonable estimate of the religious distribution of the population. Assuming that there were seven million Hispano-Romans in the peninsula in 711 and that the numbers of this segment of the population remained level through the eleventh century (with population growth balancing out Christian migration to the north), then by 912 there would have been approximately 2.8 million indigenous Muslims (muwalladûn) plus Arabs and Berbers. At this point Christians still vastly outnumbered Muslims. By 1100, however, the number of indigenous Muslims would have risen to a majority of 5.6 million.", (Glick 1999, Chapter 1: At the crossroads of civilization)
  9. ↑ Wasserstein, 1995, p. 101.
  10. ↑ Previte-Orton (1971), vol. 1, pg. 377
  11. 1 2 Peter Barrett (2004), Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding, p. 18, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-567-08969-X.
  12. ↑ Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7-8].
  13. ↑ Micheau, Francoise, "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East", m/s. 992–3  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan), in (Morelon & Rashed 1996, pp. 985-1007)
  14. ↑ (Gaudiosi 1988)
  15. ↑ (Hudson 2003, p. 32)
  16. ↑ John Bagot Glubb (cf. Quotations on Islamic Civilization)
  17. ↑ The Guinness Book Of Records, Published 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, P.242
  18. ↑ Micheau, Francoise, "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East", m/s. 988–991  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan) in (Morelon & Rashed 1996, pp. 985-1007)
  19. ↑ Edson and Savage-Smith (2004), pp. 113–6
  20. ↑ John M. Hobson (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, p. 141, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54724-5.
  21. ↑ Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", Revista de neurología 34 (9), pp. 877–892.
  22. 1 2 El Daly, Okasha (2004), Egyptology: The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings, Routledge, m/s. 17, ISBN 1-84472-063-2 
  23. ↑ El Daly, Okasha (2004), Egyptology: The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings, Routledge, m/s. 18, ISBN 1-84472-063-2 
  24. ↑ Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), The Legacy of Muslim Spain, p. 117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09599-3
  25. ↑ G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224–262, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09459-8.
  26. ↑ C. H. Haskins, Studies in Mediaeval Science, pp. 8–10
  27. ↑ Edward Grant (1996), The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press